«Y la gente tenía que obligatoriamente salir». Salute e migrazione venezuelana verso gli Stati Uniti - «Y la gente tenía que obligatoriamente salir». Health and Venezuelan migration to the United States
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1473/ea.v14i1.534Parole chiave:
US-Mexico border, New Mexico, Venezuelan asylum-seekers, Body, HealthAbstract
The article draws on my ethnographic research conducted in Albuquerque (NM, USA) between September 2024 and March 2025 with Venezuelan asylum seekers residing in New Mexico. The analysis approaches migration as a multilevel social determinant of health, highlighting how it increases migrants’ exposure to health risks while simultaneously limiting access to healthcare services. I first situate Venezuelan migration within its broader context by examining the multiple, often intersecting factors that drive individuals to leave their country. I then explore the migratory journey of Venezuelan asylum seekers in Central America and Mexico, illustrating how dangers and risks are not isolated events but recurring and cumulative experiences along the trajectory to the United States, generating forms of suffering that significantly impact migrants’ wellbeing and health.
Riferimenti bibliografici
Abbas M. et al. 2018, Migrant and refugee populations: a public health and policy perspective on a continuing global crisis, «Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control», 7:113.
Abubakar I. et al. 2018, The UCL–Lancet Commission on Migration and Health: the health of a world on the move, «The Lancet», 392: 2606-2654.
ACDLF 2024, Situation of migrants and people in need of protection in Costa Rica, https://upr-info.org/sites/default/files/country-document/2025-04/JS3_UPR47_CostaRica.pdf [09/06/2026].
Amaya A.A., Batalova J. 2025, Venezuelan Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/venezuelan-immigrants-united-states-2025 [09/06/2026].
Amnesty International 2024, CBP One: A blessing or a trap? https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/7985/2024/en/ [09/06/2026].
Andersson R. 2016, Europe’s failed ‘fight’ against irregular migration: ethnographic notes on a counterproductive industry, «Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies», 42(7): 1055-1075
Antillano A. et al. 2020, Violence and territorial order in Caracas, Venezuela, «Political Geography», 82: 102221.
Ardalan S. 2025, US border externalisation through funding: Implications for the right to seek asylum and refugee protection in the United States, «Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies», 23: 135-146.
Arsenijević J. et al. 2017, A crisis of protection and safe passage: violence experienced by migrants/refugees travelling along the Western Balkan corridor to Northern Europe, «Conflict and Health», 11:6.
Alunni L., Moretti C. 2024, Il clima delle frontiere: per un’etnografia ambientale dei corpi, «EtnoAntropologia», 12(1):101-115.
Alunni L. 2025, Le cicatrici di Ulisse. Corpi e frontiere nel Mediterraneo, Milano: Meltemi.
Baird M. et al. 2025, Embodied Borders: Navigating Transit Migration Through Darién, Panama, «The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology», 30: e70033.
Batista C. et al. 2024, Climate change, migration, and health: perspectives from Latin America and the Caribbean, «The Lancet Regional Health – Americas», 40: 100926.
Bier D. 2025, ICE Is Arresting 1,100 Percent More Noncriminals on the Streets Than in 2017, Cato Institute, https://www.cato.org/blog/ice-arresting-1100-percent-more-noncriminals-streets-2017?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email [09/06/2026].
Bouhenia M. et al. 2018, Quantitative survey on health and violence endured by refugees during their journey and in Calais, France, «International Health», 9: 335-342.
Brambilla C. 2014, Frontiere e confini, in Riccio B. (ed.), 2014, Antropologia e Migrazioni, Roma: CISU, 45-57.
Cabieses B. et al. 2024, The impact of stigma and discrimination-based narratives in the health of migrants in Latin America and the Caribbean: a scoping review, «The Lancet Regional Health – Americas», 40: 100660.
Carbonell Betancourt C.M., Scarpellini M. 2021, Venezuela, Oil and Climate Change: Overcoming Nostalgia, in Luetz, J.M., Ayal, D. (eds) 2021, Handbook of Climate Change Management. Cham: Springer, 2777-2806.
Carroll H. et al. 2020, The migration journey and mental health: Evidence from Venezuelan forced migration, «SSM - Population Health Journal», 10: 100551.
Castañeda H. 2010, Im/migration and health: conceptual, methodological, and theoretical propositions for applied anthropology, «NAPA Bulletin», 34: 6-27.
–– 2022, Anthropological Approaches to Migration and Health, in Singer M. et al. (eds.) 2022, A Companion to Medical Anthropology, Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell, 230-244.
Castañeda H. et al. 2015, Immigration as a social determinant of health, «Annual Review of Public Health», 36: 75-392.
Chavez L.R. 2013a, Shadowed Lives. Undocumented Immigrants in American Society, Belmont: Wadsworth.
–– 2003b, Immigration and Medical Anthropology, in Foner N. (ed.) 2003, American Arrivals: Anthropology Engages the New Immigration, Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 197-227.
Cheng H. et al. 2018, Latino/Hispanic Community Adults’ Healthcare Experience in a New Mexico Borderland Region, «Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice», 11(4): 5.
Covarrubias H. 2015, No vale nada la vida: éxodo y criminalización de migrantes centroamericanos en México, «Migración y desarrollo»,13(25): 151-173.
Csordas T.J. 1990, Embodiment as a Paradigm for Anthropology, «Ethos», 18(1): 5-47.
Devis-Amaya E., Palma-Gutiérrez M. 2023, Introduction: Venezuelan Migrations, Journeys, and Trajectories across the Americas, «Journal of Latino/Latin American Studies», 12(1): 1-15.
De Genova N., Roy A. 2020, Practices of Illegalisation, «Antipode», 52: 352-364.
De Genova N. 2021, Anonymous brown bodies: the productive power of the deadly US-Mexico border, «From the European South», 9: 69-84.
De León J. 2015, The Land of Open Graves. Living and Dying on the Migrant Trail, Berkeley: University of California Press.
–– 2024, Soldiers and Kings: Survival and Hope in the World of Human Smuggling, New York: Viking.
Diaz S.P. 2019, Undocumented Migration from the Other Perspective: Coloniality, Subaltern Subject, and Migrant Mapping, «Chicana/o Latina/o Law Review», 36(1): 163-187.
Doshi M. et al. 2022, Barriers to health care services among US-based undocumented Latinx immigrants within the sociopolitical climate under the Trump administration: A comparative analysis between client experiences and provider perceptions, «Qualitative Research in Health», 2: 100050.
Drewette-Card R.J., Landen M.G. 2005, The disparity change score: a new methodology to examine health disparities in New Mexico, «Journal of Public Health Management and Practice», 11(6): 484-92.
Dunn T. 2021, The militarization of the US-Mexico border in the twenty-first century and implications for human rights, in Ribas-Mateos N., Dunn T. (eds.) 2021, Handbook on Human Security, Borders and Migration, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 35-53.
Fassin D. 2011, Policing Borders, Producing Boundaries. The Governmentality of Immigration in Dark Times, «Annual Review of Anthropology», 40: 213-226.
–– 2004, Social illegitimacy as a foundation of health inequality, in Castro A., Singer M. (eds.) 2004, Unhealthy health policy, Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 203-214.
–– 2019, Le vite ineguali. Quanto vale un essere umano, Milano: Feltrinelli (ed. or. 2017).
Fassin D., Defossez A. 2023, Displaced people’s perilous journeys: border violence as a public health issue, «The Lancet», 402: 1209-1211.
Ferrero L., Quagliariello C., Vargas A.C. 2021, Emboding borders. A Migrant’s Right to Health, Universal Rights and Local Policies, New York: Berghahn.
Finno-Velasquez M. et al. 2025, Immigrant Service Access Needs and Recommendations in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region: A Qualitative Study, «Social Sciences», 14: 519.
Flores L.A. 2025, “That Machine Does Not Want Us” CBP One™ and Migrant Im/mobility in the Extended Mexico-US Borderlands, «Migration and Society: Advances in Research», 8: 121-137.
Freier L.F., Doña-Reveco C. 2022, Introduction: Latin American Political and Policy Responses to Venezuelan Displacement, «International Migration», 60(1): 9-17.
Gabster A. et al. 2021, Rapid health evaluation in migrant peoples in transit through Darien, Panama: protocol for a multimethod qualitative and quantitative study, «Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease», 8: 20499361211066190.
Ganster P., Collins K. 2021, The U.S.-Mexican Border Today. Conflict and Cooperation in Historical Perspective (VI Edition), London: Rowman&Littlefield.
Geertz C. 1987, Interpretazione di culture, Bologna: Il Mulino (I ed. 1973).
Getrich C.M. et al. 2018, Buffering the Uneven Impact of the Affordable Care Act: Immigrant-serving Safety-net Providers in New Mexico, «Medical Anthropology Quarterly», 32: 233-253.
Goodkind J.R., Hess J.M. 2017, Refugee Well-Being Project: A Model for Creating and Maintaining Communities of Refuge in the United States, in Haines D. et al. (eds.) 2017, Maintaining Refuge: Anthropological Reflections in Uncertain Times, Committee on Refugees and Immigrants Society for Urban, National, and Transnational/Global Anthropology American Anthropological Association, 139-145.
Gorman C.S. 2025, Geographies of ‘lawfare’ and the disappearing pathways to US asylum, «The Geographical Journal», 191: e70016.
Greenhill M. et al. 2024, Navigating perils at the US-Mexico border: an illustrated exploration of trauma among southern border migrants, «Frontiers in Emergency Medicine», 8(2): e18.
Handal A.J et al. 2023, Measuring Latinx/@ immigrant experiences and mental health: Adaptation of discrimination and historical loss scales, «American Journal of Orthopsychiatry», 93(1): 27-40.
Heyman J. 2012, Constructing a ‘Perfect’ Wall: Race, Class, and Citizenship in US- Mexico Border Policing, in Barber P.G., Lem W. (eds.) 2012, Migration in the 21st Century: Political Economy and Ethnography, New York: Routledge, 153-174.
–– 2018, How Does Neoliberalism Relate to Unauthorized Migration? The US- Mexico Case, in Carrier J.G. (ed.) 2028, Economy, Crime, and Wrong in a Neoliberal Era, New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 218-239.
–– 2022, Who Is Watched? Racialization of Surveillance Technologies and Practices in the US-Mexico Borderlands, «Information & Culture», 57(2):123-149.
Hiemstra N. 2019, Pushing the US-Mexico border south: United States’ immigration policing throughout the Americas, «International Journal of Migration and Border Studies», 5: 44-63.
Holmes S. 2023, Frutta fresca, corpi spezzati. Braccianti migranti negli Stati Uniti d’America, Milano: Meltemi (ed. or. 2013).
Horton S. 2006, The double burden on safety net providers: Placing health disparities in the context of the privatization of health care in the US, «Social Science & Medicine», 63: 2702-2714.
IRAP 2024, Enduring Change. A Data Review of Firsthand Accounts of Climate Mobility Impacts, https://refugeerights.org/news-resources/enduring-change-a-data-review-of-firsthand-accounts-of-climate-mobility-impacts [09/06/2026].
Jaramillo Contreras A.C. et al. 2024, Borders and liminality in the right to health of migrants in transit: The case of Colchane in Chile and Necoclí in Colombia, «Journal of Migration and Health», 9: 100230.
John M. 2019, Venezuelan economic crisis: crossing Latin American and Caribbean borders, «Migration and Development», 80(3): 437-447.
Jusionyte J. 2018, Called to “Ankle Alley”: Tactical Infrastructure, Migrant Injuries, and Emergency Medical Services on the US-Mexico Border, «American Anthropologist», 120(1):89-101.
Lamphere L. 2005, Providers and staff respond to Medicaid managed care: the unintended consequences of reform in New Mexico, «Medical Anthropology Quarterly», 19(1): 3-25.
Lebrón A.M.W. et al. 2023, Immigration and Immigrant Policies, Health, and Health Equity in the United States, «The Milbank Quarterly», 101(S1):119-152.
Leutert S. 2025, Clandestine Migration and Migrant Risk in West Texas and New Mexico (2024-2025), Strauss Center, University of Texas, https://www.strausscenter.org/publications/clandestine-migration-and-migrant-risk-in-west-texas-and-new-mexico-2024-2025/ [09/06/2026].
Lucio J.V.P. et al. 2023, Mortality during migration through the Darién Gap in Panama in 2018-22, «The Lancet», 402(10410):1321-1322.
Martínez Ó. 2013, The Beast: Riding the rails and dodging narcos on the migrant trail, London: Verso Books.
Mazuera-Arias R. et al. 2020, Sociodemographic profiles and the causes of regular Venezuelan Emigration, «International Migration», 58: 164-182.
Mezzadra S., Neilson B. 2014, Confini e Frontiere. La moltiplicazione del lavoro nel mondo globale, Bologna: Il Mulino.
Miller T. 2019, Empire of Borders: The Expansion of the US Border around the World, London: Verso Books.
MSF 2025, Unwelcome. The devastating human impact of migration policy changes in the United States, Mexico and Central America, https://www.medicisenzafrontiere.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/202508_MSF-report_Unwelcome.pdf [09/06/2026].
Montañez M. 2025, Medical … we don’t have that”: (Not) accessing healthcare in rural New Mexico, «Journal of Rural Studies», 119: 103796.
Moretti C. 2025, Pharmaceutical Borders. The Twofold Function of Medications in the U.S. Immigration Policies, «AM. Rivista della Società italiana di antropologia medica», 59:41-80.
Mountz A., Loyd J.M. 2013, Constructing the Mediterranean Region: Obscuring Violence in the Bordering of Europe’s Migration “Crises”, «ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies», 13(2), 173-195.
Muggah R. et al. 2022, The climate crisis and displacement in Venezuela, «Humanitarian Exchange», 80: 59-62, https://odihpn.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/HE-80_Venezuela_web.pdf [09/06/2026].
Muñoz-Pogossian B., Tufró P.G. 2020, Venezueal Migration Crisis: medium and Long-term impacts, https://gordoninstitute.fiu.edu/research/research-publications/venezuela-migration-crisis-final-product-.pdf [09/06/2026].
Nagel C. 2025, Immigration policy in the second Trump administration: Restriction, removal, and the limits of MAGA nativism, «The Geographical Journal», 191: e70015.
Nájera J. 2025, Venezuelans in Costa Rica: between transit and settlement. The ethno-survey of recent immigration as a methodological contribution to the study of migration in countries of arrival, «Encartes», 8(15): 11-38.
No More Deaths 2011, A Culture of Cruelty Abuse and Impunity in Short-Term U.S. Border Patrol Custody, https://nomoredeaths.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/CultureOfCruelty-full.compressed.pdf [09/06/2026].
Noy S., Voorend K. 2016, Social Rights and Migrant Realities: Migration Policy Reform and Migrants’ Access to Health Care in Costa Rica, Argentina, and Chile, «Journal of International Migration and Integration», 17: 605-629.
Obinna D.N. 2024, Camino de la Muerte: Crossing the Darién Gap and Migration in the Americas, «Migration and Development», 13(1): 7-24.
Páez T. 2017, Amid economic Crisis and political turmoil, Venezuelans form a new exodus, Migration Policy Institute, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/amid-economic-crisis-and-political-turmoil-venezuelans-form-new-exodus [09/06/2026].
Page K.R. et al. 2019, Venezuela’s public health crisis: a regional emergency, «The Lancet», 393(10177): 1254-1260.
Page-Reeves J. 2011, Commentary: The Nexus of Poverty, Hunger, and Homelessness, «Social Justice», 38(3): 33-41.
Palma-Gutiérrez M. 2023, Autonomy and Struggle in Times of Viral Borders: Venezuelans across the South American Andes during Covid-19, «Geopolitics», 29(3): 924-961.
PAHO 2024, Challenges in access to health for migrants transiting the Darien region. Health service needs and gaps on the border between Colombia and Panama, https://www.paho.org/pub/en/challenges-access-health-migrants-transiting-darien-region/[09/06/2026].
Paz-Gañan C. et al. 2024, Enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes en Venezuela como consecuencia del cambio climático. Una revision sistemática, «Health Leadership and Quality of Life», 3: 537.
Piguet E. et al. 2011, Migration and Climate Change: an Overview, «Refugee Survey Quarterly», 30 (3): 1-23.
Pirovino S., Papyrakis E. 2023, Understanding the global patterns of Venezuelan migration: determinants of an expanding diaspora, «Development Studies Research», 10(1): 2147561
Pons D. 2021, Climate Extremes, Food Insecurity, and Migration in Central America: A Complicated Nexus, https://reliefweb.int/report/guatemala/climate-extremes-food-insecurity-and-migration-central-america-complicated-nexus [09/06/2026].
Quaranta I. 2020, Etnografia e incorporazione, in Matera V. (ed.) 2020, Storia dell’etnografia. Autori, teorie, pratiche, Roma: Carocci, 253-267.
Quesada J. Hart L.K., Bourgois P. 2011, Structural vulnerability and health: Latino migrant laborers in the United States, «Medical Anthropology», 30: 339-362.
Rada C.H. 2022, Forced Migration and Reproductive Rights: Pregnant Women Fleeing Venezuela, «ACDI», 15: 223-265.
Riccio B., Brambilla C. 2010, Transnational Migration, Cosmopolitanism and Dis-located Borders, Rimini: Guaraldi.
Rifakis P. et al. 2005, Asociación entre las Variaciones Climáticas y los Casos de Dengue en un Hospital de Caracas, Venezuela, 1998-2004, «Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica», 22:183-190.
Rogus S. et al. 2022, Food Security, Access, and Challenges in New Mexico during COVID-19, «Current Developments in Nutrition», 6(1): nzab139.
Rossi T. 2022, L’“esodo” dei venezuelani in Colombia. Tra sfide migratorie, processi di pace e ricomposizione dell’ordine sociale, «Confluenze. Rivista Di Studi Iberoamericani», 14(2): 506-535.
Runde D., Bryja T. 2024, Mind the Darién Gap, Migration Bottleneck of the Americas, Center for strategic & international studies, https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/202405/240516_Runde_Darien_Gap.pdf?VersionId=XONWYsj9xeB6dp0EvpETGwaSZ4S18QzL [09/06/2026].
Salas-Wright C.P. et al. 2020, Cultural Stress and Substance Use Risk among Venezuelan Migrant Youth in the United States, «Substance Use & Misuse», 55(13):2175-2183.
Salas-Wright C.P. et al. 2022, The Venezuelan diaspora: Migration-related experiences and mental health, «Current Opinion in Psychology», 47:101430.
Sanò G., Della Puppa F., Storato G. 2025, Introduzione. Dossier Monografico Stratificazioni migratorie. Storie, traiettorie e mutamenti sociali, «Archivio antropologico mediterraneo», 27 (1): 1-8.
Sanò G. 2025, Le stratificazioni migratorie alla luce del nesso tra politiche migratorie e politiche del lavoro in Italia, «Archivio antropologico mediterraneo», 27 (1): 1-20.
Sargent C., Larchanché S. 2011, Transnational migration and global health: the production and management of risk, illness, and access to care, «Annual Review of Anthropology», 40: 345-361.
Scheper-Hughes N. 1995, The Primacy of the Ethical: Propositions for a Militant Anthropology, «Current Anthropology», 36(3): 409-420.
Scheper-Hughes N., Bourgois P. 2004, Introduction: Making sense of violence, in Scheper-Hughes, N., Bourgois, P. (eds) 2014, Violence in War and Peace. An Anthology, Malden, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing:1-31.
Schild P., 2025, Sharing Vulnerabilities: Rethinking Privilege and Solidarities in Anthropology from the Perspective of Ordinary Ethics, «Anthropology and Humanism», 50(1): e70012.
Schmidtke R., Yates C. 2024, After The Darien. Aid and Pathways for Migrants in Panama and Costa Rica, Refugees International, https://d3jwam0i5codb7.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/PanamaCR-Report-Oct-2024.pdf [09/06/2026].
Schwartz S.J. et al. 2018, Cultural stress and psychological symptoms in recent Venezuelan immigrants to the United States and Colombia, «International Journal of Intercultural Relations», 67: 25-34.
Scott P. et al. 2006, Brutal Borders? Examining the Treatment of Deportees during Arrest and Detention, «Social Forces», 85(1): 93-109.
Segneri et al. 2022, Anthropological Research Study of Migrants at the First Aid and Reception Center (CPSA) of Lampedusa, «International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health», 19(9): 5337.
Sheridan T.E., McGuire R.H. (eds.) 2020, The Border and Its Bodies. The embodiment of risk along the U.S.-Mexico Line, Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, Open-access edition.
Soria-Escalante H. et al. 2022, “We All Get Raped”: Sexual Violence Against Latin American Women in Migratory Transit in Mexico, «Violence Against Women», 28(5): 1259-1281.
Taliani S., Vacchiano F. 2006, Altri corpi. Antropologia ed etnopsicologia della migrazione, Milano: Unicopli.
Torre-Cantalapiedra et al. 2018, México ¿una frontera vertical? Políticas de control del tránsito migratorio irregular y sus resultados, 2007-2016, «LiminaR», 16(2): 87-104.
USCRI 2023, Climate of Coercion Environmental and Other Drivers of Cross-Border Displacement in Central America and Mexico, https://refugees.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Climate-of-Coercion-Report.pdf [09/06/2026].
Vasquez Guzman C.E. et al. 2020, Latinx/@ immigrant inclusion trajectories: Individual agency, structural constraints, and the role of community-based organizations in immigrant mobilities, «American Journal of Orthopsychiatry», 90(6): 772-786.
Van Roekel E., de Theije M. 2020, Hunger in the land of plenty: The complex Humanitarian crisis in Venezuela, «Anthropology Today», 36(2): 8-12.
Villegas R.D. 2014, Central American Migrants and “La Bestia”: The Route, Dangers, and Government Responses, Migration Policy Intitute, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/central-american-migrants-la-bestia [09/06/2026].
Vogt W.A. 2018, Lives in transit: Violence and intimacy on the migrant journey. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press
USCIS 2023, Annual Report 2023. Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-07/2023%20Annual%20Report%20to%20Congress_0.pdf [09/06/2026].
Weitzman A., Huss K. 2024, The Venezuelan Humanitarian Crisis, Out-Migration, and Household Change Among Venezuelans in Venezuela and Abroad, «Demography», 61(3): 737-767.
WHO 2018, Report on the health of refugees and migrants in the WHO European Region: no public health without refugee and migrant health, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/report-on-the-health-of-refugees-and-migrants-in-the-who-european-region-no-public-health-without-refugee-and-migrant-health (09/06/2026).
Willen S. 2012, Migration, “illegality,” and health: Mapping embodied vulnerability and debating health-related deservingness. Special Issue Introduction, «Social Science & Medicine», 74: 805-811.
Winters N. Fouratt C.E. 2025, At a crossroads: Historicizing encounters with new racializations in the Central American and Mexican migratory landscape, «The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology», 30: e70005.
Wurtz H.M. 2022, Mobility Imaginaries of Humanitarian Intervention: Gender, Migration, and Violence along Mexico’s Southern Border, «Medical Anthropology Quarterly», 36(4): 479-496.
Ybarra M. 2018, “We are not ignorant”: Transnational migrants’ experiences of racialized securitization, «Environment and Planning D: Society and Space», 37(2): 197-215.
Pubblicato
Come citare
Fascicolo
Sezione
Licenza
Copyright (c) 2026 Claudio Tubertini

TQuesto lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale.
Gli autori mantengono i diritti sulla loro opera e cedono alla rivista il diritto di prima pubblicazione dell'opera, contemporaneamente licenziata sotto una Licenza Creative Commons - Attribuzione che permette ad altri di condividere l'opera indicando la paternità intellettuale e la prima pubblicazione su questa rivista.
Gli autori possono diffondere la loro opera online (es. in repository istituzionali o nel loro sito web) prima e durante il processo di submission, poiché può portare a scambi produttivi e aumentare le citazioni dell'opera pubblicata (Vedi The Effect of Open Access).
